Every question of this course

Q1.1 What gap did the radio study say sensing was there to close?

• The network could not carry enough data
• The network had no built-in way to detect an object that is not connected to it
• The network could not tell one connected device from another

The proposal says positioning of connected devices is already supported, and that the specifications offer no in-built way to detect objects not connected to the network. why FS_Sensing_NR was proposed

Q1.2 In the requirements document's own words, what is a "sensing result"?

• A map of every object in a cell
• The raw radio signal a base station received
• Processed 3GPP sensing data requested by a service consumer

The definition is short and deliberate. A result is data that has been processed for whoever asked for it, not the raw measurement. "Sensing result" as 22.137 defines it

Q1.3 What does the phrase "integrated" in integrated sensing and communication refer to?

• Sensing built into the handset rather than the network
• The same radio signals used for both sensing and communication
• Sensing results integrated into a single database

The second radio study describes ISAC as the simultaneous use of radio frequency signals for both sensing and communication purposes. why FS_Sensing_NR_bis was proposed

Q1.4 What is the stage 2 specification now being written actually limited to?

• Aerial objects such as drones, sensed by the base station
• Vehicles and pedestrians in city streets
• Every use case the first study named

Its own scope says it covers only the aerial object detection and tracking use case, and gNB-based sensing means the base station is the sensing entity. the scope of 23.137

Q1.5 Somebody says "sensing is 18 work items". Is that right?

• No, there are 18 acronyms and 14 entries
• Yes, and it is also 14 acronyms — both are true, and they count different things
• No, there are 14 and the other number is wrong

The work plan holds 18 entries under 14 different acronyms, because two acronyms have more than one entry. A count of this work has to say which of the two it means. 18 Sensing entries in the work plan

Q2.1 Which document is the original use-case study for sensing?

• TR 23.700-14
• TS 22.137
• TR 22.837

TR 22.837 is the study on integrated sensing and communication, and its scope is use cases and potential requirements. TS 22.137 is the requirements specification that came out of it. the scope of 22.837

Q2.2 Which use case is the stage 2 specification limited to?

• Aerial objects such as drones
• Factory automation
• Assisted driving

TS 23.137 says it focuses only on the aerial object detection and tracking use case. The wider list stayed in the study. the scope of 23.137

Q2.3 Which document in this area has collected the most change requests?

• TR 22.837, with 46
• TS 23.501, with 13
• TR 38.901, with 23

518 meeting documents name TR 22.837 and 46 of them are change requests, more than for any other document in this area. TR 22.837

Q2.4 What did the requirements work item put into TS 22.261?

• The full sensing requirements
• A new section pointing at the new specification
• Nothing; TS 22.261 is untouched

The work plan records the change to TS 22.261 as adding a new section pointing out to the new TS, and four change requests were filed against it. TS 22.261

Q2.5 Where does the local record connect this work to 6G?

• In TR 38.765, the radio study report
• Nowhere at all
• In TR 22.870, the 6G use-case study, which carries three documents tagged with a Sensing work item

Three documents tagged with a Sensing work item name TR 22.870. That is the only link to 6G in this data, and it is a thin one. TR 22.870

Q3.1 Which group has filed the most sensing documents?

• SA2, with 995
• SA1, with 640
• RAN1, with 872

SA2 has the largest count of any group at 995. RAN1 has the most meetings at 16, which is a different measure. SA2

Q3.2 Which acronym would you search for to find the radio channel-model work?

• FS_Sensing_NR
• Sensing-CT
• FS_Sensing_ARC

FS_Sensing_NR is the Rel-19 channel-model study led by RAN1, and it carries 776 documents — the largest of the fourteen acronyms. FS_Sensing_NR

Q3.3 Why are "18 work items" and "14 acronyms" both correct?

• Four work items were withdrawn
• Two acronyms have more than one work plan entry each
• Four of the acronyms belong to another area of work

The acronym Sensing has three work plan entries and Sensing-CT has three, so eighteen entries share fourteen names. 14 Sensing work item acronyms

Q3.4 The CT work item names CT3 as doing half the job. What does the record show for CT3?

• CT3 has filed more documents than CT4
• No document at a CT3 meeting carries a sensing acronym yet
• CT3 refused the work

There is no CT3 group entry and no count for it, because no document at a CT3 meeting carries one of the acronyms so far. the objective of Sensing-CT

Q3.5 Which meeting handled more sensing documents than any other?

• SA2#175
• SA1#101, with 154
• RAN1#126

SA1#101 handled 154 of them, more than any other single meeting on the record. S1-101 handled 154 Sensing documents, more than any other meeting

Q3.6 What is on the record for RAN2?

• The second-largest document count after SA2
• Nothing at all
• One document, a liaison, at RAN2#133

RAN2 has exactly one document, at RAN2#133, and it is a liaison — a letter to another group, not work of its own. RAN2

Q4.1 What was the Rel-19 radio study actually about?

• Building a sensing product
• Channel modelling, so that object detection and tracking can be simulated
• The security of sensing results

Its objective is to define channel modelling aspects to support object detection and tracking, aiming at a common modelling framework. the objective of FS_Sensing_NR

Q4.2 Where did that study put its result?

• Into TR 38.901, the existing channel model, by change request
• Into TS 38.300
• In a brand-new report

26 documents name TR 38.901 and 23 of them are change requests, so the study altered a document that already existed rather than writing a new one. TR 38.901

Q4.3 What does the second radio study set out to evaluate?

• Bistatic sensing between two operators' networks
• Sensing performed by the handset
• gNB-based mono-static sensing for the UAV use case

The objective names gNB-based mono-static sensing — a single point with transmitter and receiver in the same place — for the UAV use case. the objective of FS_Sensing_NR_bis

Q4.4 What does "gNB-based sensing" tell you about where the sensing result is worked out?

• Nothing; the definition says it implies no assumption about that
• That the core network works it out
• That the base station works it out

The definition says the gNB acts as the sensing entity and adds explicitly that this implies no assumptions about where the result is generated. "gNB-based Sensing" as 23.700-14 defines it

Q4.5 Which document does the architecture work item say it is implementing?

• TR 22.837
• The conclusions of TR 23.700-14
• TR 38.765

Sensing-ARC says it specifies enhancements to 5GS as per conclusions reached within clause 8 of TR 23.700-14. the objective of Sensing-ARC

Q5.1 How many specifications does this work touch, and out of how many?

• 27 out of 149
• 27 out of 3599 active 3GPP specifications
• 149 out of 3599

27 specifications are named by this work, against 3599 active 3GPP specifications altogether. 27 specifications this work touches

Q5.2 What is TS 23.501, and what does sensing do to it?

• The 5G system architecture; sensing updates the reference model and the network functions
• The radio channel model; sensing adds new assumptions
• The 5G procedures; sensing adds message flows

TS 23.501 is the architecture reference model and the catalogue of network functions. Sensing-ARC updates both, with 13 change requests so far. TS 23.501

Q5.3 TS 38.300 and TS 38.401 are listed as changed by the radio work item. What has been filed against them?

• Thirteen change requests each
• They were removed from the work item
• No change request yet

The work item lists both as changed, and the record holds no change request against either so far. Being listed is a plan, not an edit. TS 38.300

Q5.4 Which new specification will hold the protocol of the new network function?

• TS 29.571
• TS 23.137
• TS 29.545

TS 29.545 is the Sensing Function Services stage 3 specification. One document names it so far. TS 29.545

Q5.5 Why does the SA6 application-layer work touch TS 23.255 hardest?

• It is the drone systems specification, and drones are the surviving use case
• It is the largest SA6 document
• It is the only one SA6 owns

TS 23.255 is the application-layer support for uncrewed aerial systems, and it carries 22 of the change requests filed by Sensing-APP. TS 23.255

Q6.1 TR 33.777 stands at version 0.6.0. What does that tell you?

• It is a draft; a number below 1.0.0 is not a published report
• It has been withdrawn
• It is the sixth published edition

A version number below 1.0.0 marks a draft. The security study is still being written, and its documents run to SA3#128. TR 33.777

Q6.2 Which of these is finished?

• The stage 2 specification, TS 23.137
• The Rel-20 architecture study, TR 23.700-14, approved by SP-260110
• The Rel-20 security study, TR 33.777

TR 23.700-14 exists at 20.0.0 and SP-260110 approved it at SA#111. The other two are drafts. SP-260110

Q6.3 2036 of the 3492 documents are pCRs. What does that mix say about the work?

• Most of it is writing the text of study reports
• Most of it is letters between groups
• Most of it is fixing published specifications

A pCR is proposed text for a study report. Against 136 change requests, the pile is overwhelmingly study writing, not maintenance. 2036 Sensing documents of type pCR

Q6.4 1416 documents are marked Rel-19 and 2069 Rel-20. What follows?

• Most of this work is behind the record
• Most of this work is still ahead of the record
• The two releases are being written at the same time

The larger half sits in the release that has not finished, so more of this subject is still to come than has already happened. 2069 Sensing documents marked Rel-20

Q6.5 How is a 3GPP study item extended?

• It is reopened by a revision, which keeps the same acronym
• It expires and has to be re-approved from scratch
• It is replaced by a new study item

Every study here was revised rather than replaced — RP-253246 is the revision of the second radio study the work plan now points at. RP-253246

Q6.6 Which company filed more sensing documents than any other?

• OPPO, with 163
• Xiaomi
• Nokia

OPPO filed 163, more than any other single source in the record. OPPO filed 163 Sensing documents, more than anyone else

Q7.1 Why is searching 3GPP documents for the word "sensing" a bad idea?

• Search is disabled for that word
• The word is never used in titles
• 2053 documents use it for other work — sidelink partial sensing, listen-before-talk, and the separate 6G work

The word is shared with at least three other pieces of 3GPP work. This whole area is filtered by work item acronym instead. 2053 documents say sensing but mean other work

Q7.2 440 documents whose title says ISAC carry no work item acronym. What does that mean for every count in this course?

• The counts are too high
• The counts are floors, not totals
• The counts exclude change requests

Those 440 are not in the 3492, and they include every plenary approval document and every proposal filed before a work item existed. 440 Sensing documents carry no work item acronym

Q7.3 Which of these can this record tell you?

• Why SA2 merged two solutions
• Which meeting a document was handled at
• When Release 20 will freeze

The register holds meeting codes, version numbers, titles and counts. It holds no dates and no reason for any decision. 79 meetings have had Sensing documents on the table

Q7.4 What is missing for the oldest work item, the SA1 study?

• Its study report
• Its work item description, so no objective is recorded for it
• Its approval document

FS_Sensing has a work plan entry and an approval document but no work item description on this machine, so no objective or leadership line. FS_Sensing

Q7.5 Which document opened the very first sensing study?

• SP-220084, at SA#95-e
• RP-234069, at RAN#102
• SP-230750, at SA#100

SP-220084 opened the first study at SA#95-e. RP-234069 opened the radio channel-model study later, and SP-230750 opened the requirements work item. SP-220084